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011 Python data types

Introduction

Purpose

In this section we will learn some of the fundamental data types in Python (int, float, str, bool), how to convert between data types, and use of the type() function.

Prerequisites

You will need some understanding of the following:

Remember that you can 'run' the code in a code block using the 'run' widget (above) or hitting the keys ('typing') and at the same time.

Data types

Data types: str

Recall how we can print out a message by first storing the text in a variable:

# set a variable called message to contain the string hello world
message = 'hello world'

# print the value of the variable message
print(message)

hello world

Above, we set the variable to be a string str type, because we wanted to use it to represent a string.

In a string, each character is represented by an ASCII codes.

So the string one is built up of o + n + e, represented by the ASCII codes 111, 110 and 101 respectively.

Exercise 1

  • If the ASCII code for e is 101 and the code for n is 110, what is the code for a?

len()

We can find the length of the string using the function len(), for example:

# set a variable called message to contain the string hello world
message = 'hello world'

# print the value of the variable message
print(message,len(message))

hello world 11

Exercise 2

  • in a code cell below, create a variable called name and set it to your name
  • print the string name, and its length
  • comment on why the length is the value you find

type()

In a computing language, the sort of thing the variable can be set to is called its data type. In Python, we can access this with the function type():

# assign the value 'one' to the variable (key) my_store
my_store = 'one'

# Print the value of my_store
print('this has type', type(my_store))

this has type <class 'str'>

Exercise 3

  • insert a new cell below here
  • set a variable called message to contain the string hello world
  • print the value and data type of the variable message

Data types: float

Another fundamental data type is float, used to store decimal numbers such as 120.23.

Not surprisingly, we can use floating point numbers (and other number representations) to do arithmetic. We can use print() similarly to above to print an integer value.

Sometimes, such as for very large or very small floating point values, we use scientific notation, e.g. to represent Plank's constant:

\[h = 6.62607015 \times 10^{−34} J \dot s \]

we would not want to have to write out over zero values after the decimal point. Instead, we use the mantissa \(6.62607015\) and exponent \(-34\) directly:

 h = 6.62607015e-34

You will sometimes see float numbers represented in this way. It is of additional interest because it is related more closely to how floating point numbers are stored on a computer.

As an example of floating point arithmetic, let us consider the energy associated with a photon of a given wavelength \(\lambda\) (nm) using the Planck-Einstein equation:

\[ E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}\]

with:

  • \(h\) as above, \(=6.62607015 \times 10^{−34} J \dot s\)
  • \(c\) the speed of light \(= 2.99792458 \times 10^8 m/s\)
  • \(E\) the photon energy (in \(J\))

Given light with a wavelength of 1024 nanometers (\(nm\)), calculate the energy in \(J\).

First, since

\[1\ nm = 1 \times 10^{−9} m\]

we calculate the wavelength in \(m\):

l_m = l_nm * 1e-9

Then, implement the Planck-Einstein equation:

E = h * c / l_m

# values of c and h
# in scientific notation
c = 2.99792458e8       # m/s
h = 6.62607015e-34     # J s

# wavelength in nm
l_nm = 1024.0          # nm

# wavelength in m
l_m = l_nm * 1e-9      # m

# Planck-Einstein in J
E_J = h * c / l_m      # J

print('Photon of wavelength', l_nm, 'nm')
print('has an energy of', E_J, 'J')

Photon of wavelength 1024.0 nm
has an energy of 1.9398885323720004e-19 J

We can compare the value of energy we get in \(J\) with that using a web calculator and confirm the value of 1.93989e-19 for Near Infrared light (1024 nm).

Exercise 4

Since the energy level expressed in \(J\) is quite small, we might more conveniently express it in units of eV. Given that:

\[ 1\ Electron\ volt\ (eV) = 1.602176565 \times 10^{-19} J \]
  • Insert a new cell below here
  • calculate the energy associated with a blue photon at 450 nm, in eV
  • confirm your answer using a web calculator

Data types: int

Another fundamental data type is int, used to store integer (whole) numbers (in base 10). We often use them for counting and similar tasks.

i = 0
print(i,'this has type', type(i))

# increment i by 1
# same as i = i + 1
i += 1
print('increment i:',i)
i += 1
print('increment i:',i)

0 this has type <class 'int'>
increment i: 1
increment i: 2

Not surprisingly, we can also use integers to do all sorts of arithmetic. Because of potential rounding issues though, we have to pay a little attention to whether we want the result of division to remain an integer or become a floating point number.

We can use print() similarly to above to print an integer value.

# set the variable x,m and c to integer
# values
x = 10
m = 20
c = 6

# calculate y from the formula
y = m * x + c

# print the value of y
print('y =', y)

y = 206

We have seen examples of addition + and multiplication *. We use x ** y to represent x to the power of y. For division, we use // to enforce integer division (floor division).

Exercise 5

  • insert a new cell below here
  • using integer arithmetic, print the result of:
  • 2 to the power of 8
  • 1024 divided by 2
  • set a variable called x to the result of 7 (floor) divided by 3.
  • print the value of x, and confirm its data type is int

Data types: bool

The last fundamental data type we will deal with here is the Boolean or 'logical' type bool. Here, a variable can represent the value of True (equivalent to 1) or False (equivalent to 0).

There are a great many uses for this in using logic in coding.

# examples of bool type
is_set = True
is_ready = False

Exercise 6

  • Insert a new cell below here
  • Set a variable called is_class_today to the value True
  • print the variable name, its value, and its data type

Logical Operators: not, and, or

Logical operators combine boolean variables. Recall from above:

print (type(True),type(False));

<class 'bool'> <class 'bool'>

The three main logical operators you will use are:

not, and, or

The impact of the not operator should be straightforward to understand, though we can first write it in a 'truth table':

A not A
T F
F T 
print('not True is',not True)
print('not False is',not False)

not True is False
not False is True

Exercise 7

  • Insert a new cell below here
  • write a statement to set a variable x to True and print the value of x and not x
  • what does not not x give? Make sure you understand why

The operators and and or should also be quite straightforward to understand: they have the same meaning as in normal english. Note that or is 'inclusive' (so, read A or B as 'either A or B or both of them').

print('True and True is', True and True)
print('True and False is', True and False)
print('False and True is', False and True)
print('False and False is', False and False)

True and True is True
True and False is False
False and True is False
False and False is False

So, A and B is True, if and only if both A is True and B is True. Otherwise, it is False

We can represent this in a 'truth table':

A B A and B
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Exercise 8

  • draw a truth table on some paper, label the columns A, B and A and B and fill in the columns A and B as above
  • without looking at the example above, write the value of A and B in the third column.
  • draw another truth table on some paper, label the columns A, B and A and B and fill in the columns A and B as above
  • write the value of A or B in the third column.

If you are unsure, test the response using code, below:

We can apply these principles to more complex compound statements. In building a truth table, we must state all of the possible permutations for the variables.

For two variables (A and B) we had:

A B
T T
T F
F T
F F

Notice the pattern of alternating T and F in the columns.

For three variables, the equivalent table is:

A B C
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F

Again, notice the alternating patterns in the columns so that we cover all permutations.

Exercise 9

  • Copy the 3 variable truth table from above onto paper
  • fill out a column with A and B
  • fill out a column with ((A and B) or C)
  • Try some other compound statements

If you are unsure, or to check your answers, test the response using code, below.

Conversion between data types

You can explicitly convert between ('cast') data types where this makes sense using:

int()
float()
str()
bool()

start_number = 1
print("starting with",start_number)

int_number = int(start_number) 
print('int_number',int_number,type(int_number))

# now convert to float
float_number = float(start_number)
print('float_number',float_number,type(float_number))

# now convert to str
str_number = str(start_number)
print('str_number',str_number,type(str_number))

# now convert to bool
bool_number = bool(start_number)
print('bool_number',bool_number,type(bool_number))


starting with 1
int_number 1 <class 'int'>
float_number 1.0 <class 'float'>
str_number 1 <class 'str'>
bool_number True <class 'bool'>

Exercise 10

  • insert a new cell below here
  • copy the code in the cell above, set start_number to 0, and run
    • What are the boolean representations of 0 and 1?
  • What would happen if you set start_number to the string 'zero', and why?

Summary

In this section, we have been introduced to the core data types in Python:

core data types example
int x = 10
float x = 10.0
str x = "hello world"
bool x = False

and how to convert ('cast') between then, where this is feasible:

cast functions
int()
float()
str()
bool()

Other functions:

command purpose
type(v) data type of object v
len(v) length of object v (e.g. str)

We have learned truth tables to list logical operations:

A B A and B
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
A B A or B
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
A not A
T F
F T
Last update: November 11, 2022